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acetate. (C2H3O2¯).
Verdigris (Verdigrise)
A basic copper acetate (Cu(C2H3O2)2 . 2Cu(OH)2). Long used as a green pigment.
Verditer (Blue Verditer; Blue Bice)
A blue pigment made from a basic copper carbonate (2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2) which is chemically the
same as azurite.
Vermillion
The red pigment made from cinnabar (mercuric sulfide, HgS). See Cinnabar.
Vine Black
A preparation of carbon from the twigs and wood of vines. Used as a black pigment.
Vinegar of Lead
Primarily lead acetate (Pb(C2H3O2)2).
Vital Air
Oxygen (O2)
Vitiated Air
Air from which oxygen has been removed, thus mainly nitrogen.
Vitresant (Vitrifiable)
Any solid that could be made into "glass".
Vitrifiable Earths (Vitreous Earths)
Mineral substances which fuse under the action of fire.
Vitrification
The chemical part of the process of making glass or of any high-temperature process which
produced a glass-like substance.
Vitriol
Used mainly for ferrous sulfate (FeSO4), but a generic term for sulfates. As with many old terms,
the usage varied; e.g., some used the term for nitrates of silver and copper.
Vitriol, Blue
Copper sulfate (CuSO4)
Vitriol, Green
Ferrous (or iron) sulfate (FeSO4)
Vitriol, White
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)
Vitriol (or Vitriolic) Acid
Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Vitriolated Earths, Metals, etc.
Sulphates.
Vitriolated Ether
Diethyl ether (C4H10O).
Vitriolated Tartar
Potassium sulfate (K2SO4)
Vitriolic Ether
Diethyl ether (C4H10O).
Vitriol of Goslar (White Vitriol)
Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)
Vitriol of Jove
Stannous sulfate (SnSO4)
Vitriol of Jupiter
Stannous acetate (Sn(C2H3O2)2)
Vitriol of Mars (Green Vitriol)
Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)
Vitriol of Quick Silver
Mercuric nitrate (Hg(NO3)2)
Vitriol of Saturn
Lead acetate (Pb(C2H3O2))
Vitriol of Silver
Occasionally, early in the century, silver nitrate (AgNO3). As the century progressed, the term was
more reasonably applied to silver sulfate (Ag2SO4)
Vitriol of Venus
Cupric sulfate (CuSO4)
Vitriolum Album
See White Vitriol.
Vitriolum Ammonium
Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4)
Vitriolum Anglicum
Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)
Vitriolum Veneris cum Alkali Fixo Praecipitatum
Basic copper acetate (Cu(C2H3O2)2 . CuO . 6 H2O)
Vitrium Antimonii (Glass of Antimony)
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Fused antimony oxide (Sb2O3)
Vivifying Spirit
A hypothetical principle in the air which, according to some early eighteenth century chemists,
was the active agent in combustion and respiration.
Volatile
An adjective usually used to indicate not only that a substance naturally gave off some aeriform
component (as indicated by an odor) but also that it decomposed easily and gave off one or more
aeriform components to the air on heating.
Volatile Acid of Nitre
Nitrous acid (HNO2)
Volatile Acid of Sulfur (Phlogisticated Vitriolic Acid)
Sulfurous acid (H2SO3)
Volatile Alkali
A term most commonly used for solutions of ammonia; e.g., ammonium hydroxide.
Volatile Alkali in its Concrete Form
Ammonium carbonate (NH4CO3)
Volatile Liver of Sulfur
Volatile product from heating sulfur with quicklime and ammo nium chloride.
Volatile Sal Ammoniac
Ammonium hydroxide solution.
Volatile Salt
Ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)
Volatile Salt of Amber
See Salt of Amber
Volatile Salt of Hartshorn
Ammonium carbonate (NH4CO3)
Volatile Spirit of Sal Ammoniac
Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) obtained from quicklime (calcium oxide) and sal ammoniac
(ammonium chloride).
Volatile Spirit of Sulfur
The aeriform product from burning sulfur; mostly sulfur dioxide
Volatile Vitriol of Venus
Copper acetate Cu(C2H3O2)2
W
Wash
Any fermented mixture which, after distillation, would produce distilled spirits (ethanol
CH3CH2OH, with impurities).
Water gas
Mixture of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO)
Water of Minderus
A solution of ammonium acetate (NH4C2H3O2).
Water of Rabel
A solution of ethyl ether (CH3CH2OCH2CH3) in ethanol (CH3CH2OH)
Wax
A term referring to beeswax only, as the hydrocarbon waxes were not available in the eighteenth
century.
Whey
The liquid which remains after milk is curdled, usually in the process of cheese-making
White Arsenic
Arsenious oxide (As2O3)
White Calx of Antimony
Mixture of antimony oxide (Sb2O3) and potassium oxide (K2O).
White Copper
An alloy of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn).
White Copperas
Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)
White Lead
Basic lead carbonate (Pb(CO3)2 . Pb (OH)2)
White Manganese
Manganous carbonate (MnCO3)
White Precipitated Mercury (Precipitate of Sublimate of Mercury)
Mercurammonium chloride (HgNH2Cl)
White Vitriol
Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4)
Wind Furnace
A reverberating furnace.
Wine
Often used more broadly by eighteenth-century chemists to include any potable liquid which had
become "spiritous" through fermentation; e.g., beer, cider, and mead.
Witherite
Barium carbonate (BaCO3).
Woad
A blue dye prepared from the leaves of the plant Isatis tinctoria.
Wolfram
A mineral substance Spumi lupi that was under investigation in the 18th century.
Wood Ash
Potassum carbonate (K2CO3)
Worm
A long, coiled tube, usually of copper, attached to the head of a distillation apparatus for the
purpose of increasing condensation. A worm commonly was used in ditilling spirits.
Wormwood
The plant Artemisia absinthium, the leaves of which were used to make an extract by distillation.
Used as a medicinal.
Wort
An infusion of grain, usually malt, which was fermented to produce beer.
Woulfe Bottle
A bottle with two or more necked orifices that was used in distillation.
Y
Yellow
A yellow coloring agent produced by treating indigo with dilute nitric acid. This substance proved
to be unstable and seldom was used as dye.
Yellow Aqua Fortis
Concentrated nitric acid (HNO3).
Yellow Arsenic
Arsenious sulphide (As2S3).
Yellow Ochre
Hydrated ferric oxide (Fe2O3 . H2O).
Yttria
A mixture of rare earth elements from the mineral gadolinite. Primarily the trioxide of yttrium
(Y2O3).
Z
Zaffre (Saffre)
A gray or reddish powder composed mostly of cobalt oxide (CaO).
Zeolites
A group of mineral solids which are various hydrated silicates, primarily of aluminum, calcium,
potassium, and sodium. Although not really related, they share the property of swelling and
"boiling" under the heat of the blowpipe.
Zinc (Zinco, Zinetum)
Regarded in the eighteenth century as a semi-metal because of its relative brittleness.
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